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WAGONS-LITS

Georges Nagelmackers (24 June 1845 – 10 August 1905) was the founder of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, the company known for the Orient Express trains. He was born in Liège, Belgium and died in Villepreux, France.

Born into a family of bankers with interests in railways and close links to the court of King Leopold II of Belgium, Nagelmackers trained as a civil engineer.[1] As a young man he fell in love with an older cousin. When his feelings were not reciprocated, his family encouraged him to travel to the United States of America to help him recover and also further his professional studies. He spent a total of 10 months travelling throughout America during which time he was exposed to train travel on Pullman carriages. He became convinced that there was a market for Pullman type carriages in Europe. After a proposal to George Pullman to collaborate on developing the European market was rebuffed Nagelmackers returned to Europe.

In 1870 he published a proposal to develop sleeper carriages for the European market.[1] However the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War delayed the granting of a concession from the Belgian government and the establishment of his first sleeper carriage service

History

 

Georges Nagelmackers, founder of the CIWL

Monopoly

 

Historic Wagons-Lits restaurant car in Austria in 2003.

During his trip to the United States in 1867–1868 the 23-year-old Belgian Georges Nagelmackers was impressed by the Pullman night trains. Upon his return home, he decided to establish a network of such trains in Europe. He envisioned that such trains should be luxurious and travel across borders.[1]

In 1874 Nagelmackers founded the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits and the et des Grands Express Européens addition became part of the name ten years later. By 1886 his company had become the main organiser for most European heads of state. The symbol "WL" held by two lions became a well-known trade mark.

The company ran either complete trains of Wagon-Lits cars or individual sleeping and dining cars were coupled onto services operated by the state railways of the European countries through which the Wagon-Lits cars passed. These cars were always drawn by locomotives of the various state railways, as Wagon-Lits did not operate its own fleet of locomotives.

Prior to World War I, CIWL held a monopoly being the only group catering to the needs of the international railroad traveller. The company introduced famous services, such as the Orient-Express, the Nord Express, and the Sud Express and expanded to markets outside Europe with involvement in the Trans-Siberian Railway across Russia. The Company's trains also reached Manchuria (Trans-Manchurian Express), China (Peking, Shanghai, and Nanking) and Cairo.[2]

Hotels

 

The Grand Hôtel des Wagons-Lits, also known as the Six Nations Hotel, in Beijing before 1949.

In 1894 the Compagnie Internationale des Grands Hotels was founded as a subsidiary and began operating a chain of luxury hotels in major cities. Among these were the Hôtel Terminus in Bordeaux and Marseille, the Hôtel Pera Palace in Istanbul, the Hôtel de la Plage in Ostend, and the Grand Hôtel des Wagons-Lits in Beijing (Peking).

Competition with Mitropa

With the start of World War I CIWL's coaches were confiscated for military use. In Germany and Austro-Hungary Mitropa was founded to take over the property and services of CIWL. In 1918, the communists in Russia expropriated CIWL's local rolling stock and hotels. After the conclusion of WWI CIWL demanded to have its central European service routes restored. It regained these for Austria, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; however, in Germany the Reichsbahn and Mitropa sabotaged this process. On April 23, 1925, CIWL and Mitropa agreed to separate spheres of influence. CIWL received transit routes through Germany and routes between Germany and Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Czechoslovakia. Mitropa took over the routes between Germany and the Netherlands and Scandinavia, as well as trains within Germany, and to Danzig. Trains between Germany and Austria were served by both companies.

In the interbellum period CIWL flourished again. The company's blue and gold livery was introduced. In 1925 Wagon-Lits opened its first Travel Palace in Paris. Services extended to the Middle Eastern cities of Aleppo, Baghdad, Cairo, and Tehran. Metal coaches, replacing older wooden ones constructed of teak, became available in 1926. In 1931 the fleet reached its maximum of 2268 vehicles. This period can be considered the zenith of luxury rail travel. CIWL's carriages were decorated by such renowned artists as Réné Prou, René Lalique and Morrison. CIWL also commissioned renowned artists such as Adolphe Mouron Cassandre to design posters advertising its services.

Decline

With anschluss in 1938, the Austrian market was lost to Mitropa (it was recovered after 1945). Because of WWII and the subsequent communist expansion, CIWL lost more markets in central and eastern Europe.

After WWII, CIWL increasingly focused on the travel agency and management business. Accordingly, it was renamed Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et du Tourisme (CIWLT) in 1967, and later just called Wagons-Lits.

By 1971 the rolling stock of CIWL had become aged and outdated, and the renovation and replacement needed was beyond the company. It sold or rented its coaches to the SNCF, FS, SBB, DB, ÖBB, NMBS/SNCB, NS, DSB and RENFE. An international sleeping car pool named TEN = Trans Euro Night was founded at that time and took over and managed (until 1995) many of the carriages of CIWL and of the Mitropa-successor DSG.

Today

Wagons-Lits is headquartered in Paris. Currently CIWL provides service on night trains in Austria, Italy and Portugal and meal and catering services in daytime trains of France, Italy, Portugal and on Eurostar services to the United Kingdom.

A number of sleeping-cars on the European continent are owned by CIWL. The cars are maintained by the sister company Rail Service International (RSI) in the Netherlands and leased to train operating companies.

Corporate history

The company currently operates in Austria, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the UK. The specifics of the services provided vary based on mergers and splits within the company and to the surrounding business climate.

Thomas Cook

In 1927, Thomas Cook was sold to CIWL after poor financial results; CIWL took a back-role in the running of the subsidiary.[3]

Accor

In 1991, Wagons-Lits became part of the French multi-national Accor Hotel and Leisure Group.

At the time, CIWL included the hotel brands Altea, Arcade, Etap, PLM and Pullman. Catering organisation Eurest and, in the automobile world, Wagons-Lits included Europcar rental and motorway break specialists Relais Autoroute.[4]

Following the 1992 purchase, the Pullman hotels were gradually rebranded to Sofitel, allowing the Pullman name to be reused in 2007 for a new class of conference hotel. Sixty-eight existing Accor hotels will be transferred over, including some Sofitel that were originally Pullman hotels.[5]

In May 2011, Accor announced plans to auction residual historic assets of Wagons-Lits, including posters and tableware.[6]

Wagons-Lits Diffusion

In 1996, all copyrights and trademarks concerning the use of historical brands and archive photographs were transferred to Wagons-Lits Diffusion in Paris. Wagons-Lits Diffusion manages the historic brands and logos derived from Compagnie des Wagons-Lits past activities.

Newrest

In July 2010, the rail catering operations of Wagons-Lits were transferred from Accor to the catering company Newrest, since then operating under the name newrest wagons-lits.[7]

Carlson Wagonlit Travel

Main article: Carlson Wagonlit Travel

In 1997, the Europe business travel and leisure retail arm of Wagons-Lits (Wagonlit Travel) was merged on an equal basis with that of Carlson Travel Network (operating in the United States).[8] The result was a new company called "Carlson Wagonlit Travel" jointly owned by Accor and Carlson Holdings Inc., the former parent companies of the merged entities.[9]

The Carlson side of the merger had grown from a travel agency founded by Ward Forster in the United States in 1888. Originally called "Ask Mr. Foster", the chain was renamed to "Carlson Travel Network" following an earlier purchase by the Carlson Group.

Accor sold its 50% of Carlson Wagonlit Travel in 2006 for €500m to Carlson Companies and One Equity Partners.[10] However, Accor maintains its interest in the railway service sector of Wagon Lits.

Famous CIWL trains

Orient Express

Main article: Orient Express

 

The Orient-Express network from 1883 to 1914

 

CIWL's network guide, December 1901

From 1883, the Orient Express operated between Paris and Istanbul in three nights and three times per week in each direction. The Orient Express deployed the first sleeping and dining cars for long-distance train travel in Europe. In 2003, the company restored seven cars of the famous Pullman Orient Express and made it available for tourist events. After 2007, the night sleeper service named Orient Express only operated between Strasbourg and Vienna. Made obsolete by Europe's high-speed rail network, the Orient Express made its last run on 14 December 2009.

Nord Express

Main article: Nord Express

The Northern Express connected Paris with St. Petersburg (later Riga), via Germany, Poland and Eastern Europe. Begun in 1884, the service is now run by DB NachtZug from Paris as far as Hamburg, although it previously served Copenhagen.

The famous Art Deco poster "Nord Express: (1927) by Cassandre (Adolphe Mouron Cassandre) shows a stylised version of the train that traveled from London and Paris to Riga and Warsaw (Varsovie)[11]

Sud Express

Main article: Sud Express

The Southern Express connected ParisLisbon starting in 1887, to provide the second-half of the through connection from St. Petersburg (Finland/Russia) via Paris to the west coast of Portugal. In Lisbon, travellers could transfer to trans-Atlantic steamships.

Train Bleu

Main article: Le Train Bleu (train)

The Blue Train linked Paris/CalaisSouthern France overnight and used Wagons-Lits cars up until 1938. It was actually operated by French company called Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée.

Transsibérien

Main article: Trans-Siberian Railway

The Trans-Siberian Express operated with the permission of the Russian Tsar until 1917 during World War I. The service ran from Moscow to Vladivostok and Peking, taking over one week in each direction.

Night Ferry

Main article: Night Ferry

The Night Ferry provided a through London to Paris overnight sleeper train. Wagons-Lits provided twelve specially constructed cars designed to fit the smaller British loading gauge. The service lasted from 1936 to 1980, using the same rolling stock throughout its history. Before the introduction of high-speed Eurostar services, this was the only through service. The train's cross-channel segment between Dover and Dunkirk was via train-ferries.

London Vichy Pullman Express

Main article: London Vichy Pullman Express

The Londres-Vichy Pullman Express ran between London and Vichy in France primarily to serve visitors to Vichy's famous thermal baths. Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits operated the service from 14 May 1927 until 19 September 1930.

List of CIWL services

Basic data[12] is listed. Further details are in the article regarding the specific train.

TrainRouteIntroduced

Amsterdam-Engadine Express"Amsterdam-Frankfurt-Basle-Coire"1901

Amsterdam-Mons Express"Amsterdam and The Hague-Mons"1899

Anatolian Express"Haydarpaşa-Ankara"1927

Andalus Express"Madrid-Sevilla"1911

Andalus Pullman Express"Granada-Sevilla-Málaga"1929

Ankara Express"Haydarpaşa-Ankara"1945

Arlberg Oriënt Express"Paris and Calais-Vienna-Bucharest"1931

Ägypten Express"Berlin-Naples"1907

Barcelone Express"Paris-Barcelona"1929

Berlin-Budapest (Oriënt) Express"Berlin-Budapest-Constantinopel"1900

Berlin-Engadin Express"Berlin-Basle-Coire"1911

Berlin-Karlsbad-Marienbad Express"Berlin-Karlsbad-Marienbad"1907

Berlin-Marienbad-Karlsbad-Wien Express"Berlin-Marienbad-Karlsbad-Vienna"1904

Berlin-Neapel Express"Berlin-Naples"1902

Berlin-Schweiz Express1901

Berlin-Tirol-Roma Express"Berlin-Merano-Rome"1912

Bombay Express"Calais-Marseille"1897

Boulogne/Paris/Ostende-Strasbourg-Vienne Express"Boulogne and Paris and Ostend-Strassburg-Vienna"1920

Boulogne/Paris/Ostende-Strasbourg-Prague-Varsovie Express"Boulogne and Paris and Ostend-Prague-Warschau"1920

Cabourg Express"Paris-Cabourg"1904

Caïro-Luxor Express"Cairo-Luxor"1898

Calais-Bruxelles Pullman Express"Calais-Brussels"1927

Calais-Interlaken-Engadine Express"Calais-Interlaken and Coire"1895

Calais-Nice-Rome Express"Calais-Paris-Nice-Rome"1883

Calais-Nice Express"Calais-Paris-Nice"1884

Calais-Méditerranée Express"London-Calais-Paris-Nice"1886

Carlsbad Express"Paris-Carlsbad"1900

Carpati Pullman Express"Bucharest-Brasov"1929

Cataluña Express"Madrid-Barcelona"1943

Club Train"London-Dover-Calais-Paris"1889

Côte d'Argent Express"Paris-Biarritz-Hendaye"1910

Côte d'Azur Pullman Express"Paris-Ventimiglia"1929

Danmark Express"Berlin-Warnemünde-Gedser-Kopenhagen"1907

Danubiu Pullman Express"Boekarest-Galatz"1932

Dauphiné-Savoie Express"Paris-Evian and Chambéry and Geneva"1904

Deauville Pullman Express"Paris-Deauville"1927

Dunarea Pullman Express"Bucharest-Galatz"1929

Edelweiss"Amsterdam-Basle-Lucerne"1928

Engadine Express"Paris and Calais-Coire"1925

Étoile du Nord"Paris-Amsterdam"1927

Flèche d'Or"Paris-London"1926

Fulger Regele Carol I"Bucharest-Constanța"1933

Gibraltar Express"Paris-Algeciras"1896

Golden Mountain Pullman Express"Montreux-Zweisimmen"1931

Gotthard Express"Berlin-Basle-Milan-Genoa"1911

Gotthard Pullman Express"Basle-Zürich-Milan"1927

Hendaye-Luchon Express"Hendaye-Luchon"1889

LLoyd Express"Hamburg-Genoa"1908

LLoyd & Riviera Express"Hamburg-Genoa and Berlin-Ventimiglia"1911

London Vichy Pullman Express"Boulogne-Vichy"1927

Luchon Express"Paris-Luchon"1898

Lusitania Express"Madrid-Lisbon"1943

Maroc Express"Madrid-Algeciras"1911

Marseille-Nice Express"Marseille-Nice"1889

Méditerranée Express"Paris-Lyon-Marseille-San Remo"1889

Milano-Ancona Pullman Express"Milan-Ancona"1927

Milano-Nizza Express"Milan-San Remo-Cannes"1925

Milano-Montecatini Express"Milan-Montecatini"1926

Milano-Venezia Express"Milan-Venice"1926

Napoli-Palermo Express"Naples-Palermo"1902

Nord Express"Ostend and Paris-Berlin-Saint Petersburg"1896

Nord Süd Brenner Express"Berlin-Verona-Milan-Cannes"1897

Nord Süd Gotthard Expressplanned only1898

Nederlandse LLoyd Express"The Hague-Paris-Turin-Genoa"1936

New York Express"Paris-Cherbourg"1900

Night Ferry"London-Paris"1936

Oberland Express"Calais-Paris-Interlaken"1906

Oberland-Léman Express"Paris-St. Maurice and Berne"1904

L'Oiseau Bleu"Antwerp-Paris"1929

Orient Express"Paris-Istanbul"1883

Ostende-Bad Kissingen Express"Ostend-Bad Kissingen"1910

Ostende-Karlsbad Express"Ostend-Carlsbad"1895

Ostende-Köln Pullman Express"Ostend-Cologne"1929

Ostende-Suisse Express"Ostend-Strassburg-Basle-Lucerne"1901

Ostende-Wien Express"Ostend-Vienna"1894

Ostende-Wien-Constantza Express"Ostend-Vienna-Constanța"1895

Ostende-Wien-Orient Express"Ostend-Vienna-Belgrade-Istanbul"1925

Ostende-Wien-Triëst Express"Ostend-Vienna-Trieste"1895

P & O Overland Express"London-Calais-Marseille"1935

Paris-Aix les Bains Express"Paris-Aix-les-Bains"1903

Paris-Barcelone Express"Paris-Barcelona"1904

Paris-Bordeaux Express"Paris-Bordeaux"1889

Paris-Carlsbad-Prague Express"Paris-Carlsbad-Prague"1921

Paris-Côte Belge Pullman Express"Paris-Ostend-Blankenberge-Knokke"1928

Peninsular Express"Calais-Brindisi"1890

Puerta del Sol"Paris-Madrid"1969

Pyrénées Express"Paris-Biarritz and Luchon"1891

Pyrénées Côte d'Argent Express"Paris-Biarritz-Irun"1921

Riviera Express"Marseille-Menton"1897

Riviera-Napoli Express"Berlin and Amsterdam-Cannes-Ventimiglia-Rapallo-Naples"1931

Roma-Firenze-Cannes Express"Rome-Florence-Cannes"1908

Roma-Napoli Pullman Express"Rome-Naples"1929

Rome Express"Calais-Paris-Florence and Rome"1890

Rotterdamsche LLoyd Express"Rotterdam-Marseille"1936

Royan Express"Paris-Royan"1898

St. Petersburg-Wien-Nice-Cannes Express"St. Petersburg-Vienna-Nice-Cannes"1898

Simplon Express"Calais-Paris-Milan-Venice"1906

Simplon Oriënt Express"Calais-Paris-Milan-Trieste-Bucharest and Istanbul and Athens"1919

Star of Egypt"Cairo-Luxor-Shalla"1929

Sud Express"Paris-Madrid and Lisbon"1887

Suisse Express"Calais-Laon-Reims-Lucerne"1891

Suisse Arlberg Express"Paris and Calais-Vienna"1924

Sunshine Pullman Express"Cairo-Luxor-Shalla"1929

Train Eclair"Paris-Vienna"1882

Taurus Express"Haydarpaşa-Rayak-Bagdad"1930

Tirol Express"Paris-Salzburg"1936

Torino-Nizza-Cannes Pullman Express"Turin-Nice-Cannes"1927

Torino-Venezia Pullman Express"Turin-Venice"1928

Transatlantique Express"Paris-Le Havre"1900

Trans Mandchuria Express"Vladivostok-Harbin-Changchun"1921

Trans-Siberian Express"Moscow-Tomsk"1898

Trouville Express"Paris-Trouville"1886

Trouville Deauville Express"Paris-Trouville-Deauville"1923

Tunis-Oran Express"Tunis-Constantine-Algiers-Oran"1902

Vichy Express"Paris-Vichy"1904

Wien-Nizza-Cannes Express"Vienna-Nice-Cannes"1896

Wien-Roma-Napoli Express"Vienna-Rome-Naples-Palermo and Taormina"1911

Wien-San Remo-Nizza-Cannes Express"Vienna-San Remo-Nice-Cannes"1923

Wien-Tirol-Riviera Express"Vienna-Bolzano-Cannes"1913

1918 Armistice coach

Main article: Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)

The 1918 Armistice with Germany was signed in CIWL #2419 ("Le Wagon de l'Armistice"). Returned to CIWL service afterwards, it was retired later to join the French presidential train before being withdrawn in 1921 and placed on display in the Cour des Invalides, Paris until 1927, when it was moved to Compiègne for display. It remained on display in its own building, the Clairiere de l'Armistice until 1940, when it was removed by the German army and used to receive the 1940 Armistice with France between France and Nazi Germany. Following this, the carriage itself was taken to Berlin as a trophy of war, along with pieces of a large stone tablet which bore the inscription (in French):

Here on the Eleventh of November 1918 Succumbed the Criminal Pride of the German Reich. Vanquished by the Free Peoples Which it Tried to Enslave..

Following this period of display in Berlin, CIWL #2419 was moved to Ohrdruf in Thuringia for storage in 1945. Following the Allied advance into Germany in early 1945, the detachment of SS troops protecting the carriage set it ablaze before burying the remains to prevent them from falling into Allied hands. Some remnants were later exhumed and moved back to the restored Compiègne site for display, while CIWL later donated another carriage from the same construction order, 1913-built CIWL #2439, in 1950 as a replacement. This carriage had also been at Compiègne on 11 November 1918, and it was renumbered as #2419D for display at Compiègne where it was installed on Armistice Day 1950.

 

Simplon-Orient-Express / Taurus-Express poster

CIWL phototheque and historical archives

CIWL archives are rich of more than 100 years of posters, historical photos, plans and communication material that represent a tremendous interest for cultural, academic or commercial projects. The greatest creators and artists have been hired by CIWL since 1883 in order to create luxury conditions and confort in travel, as well as a particular graphic style that is now recognized worldwide by its quality. Great effort are made to digitalize images (photos, plans and posters), where as vast paper archives are preserved, waiting to be sorted and classified in a near future. As of today, available digital archives consist of more than 250 CIWL posters, 800 Paris–Lyon–Méditerranée (PLM) posters and more than 6,000 archives photos. Probably one of the most extensive poster collection in the world from the end of nineteenth century to the late 1950s. These archives are regularly used for all types of publishing and media projects, all over the world, as well as Cultural Events.[citation needed]

 

Plan of a Wagons-Lits teapot

In popular culture

Agatha Christie set two of her Hercule Poirot mysteries on or around CIWL trains:

Sidney Gilliat and Clifford Grey wrote the script for the 1932 British film directed by Walter Forde:

In 1991, David Copperfield performed a televised illusion which caused a recently restored "Orient Express dining car" (in fact an American dining car decorated in Wagon-Lits colours) to seemingly vanish into thin air.

CIWL model railway cars have been manufactured by many companies including Märklin, Fleischmann, Trix, Jouef, Bachmann, France Trains, LS Models and Tri-ang. Rivarossi also produced very detailed models, discontinued in the late nineties, production restarted lately with the new society affiliated to Hornby.

CIWL in different languages

  • Czech: Mezinárodní Společnost Lůžkových Vozů (a Velkých Evropských Expresních Vlaků)

  • German: Internationale (Eisenbahn-)Schlafwagen-Gesellschaft

  • Danish: Det Internationale Sovevogns- (og de Store Europæiske Eksprestogs-)Selskab

  • English: International Sleeping-Car (and Great European Expresses) Company

  • Finnish: Kansainvälinen Makuuvaunu- (ja Euroopan Pikajuna)yhtiö

  • French: Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (et des Grands Express Européens)

  • Greek: Διεθνής Εταιρεία Κλιναμαξών (και Ταχειών Ευρωπαϊκών Αμαξοστοιχιών)

  • Hungarian: Nemzetközi Vasúti Hálókocsi Társaság

  • Italian: Compagnia Internazionale delle Carrozze (con) Letti (e dei Grandi Treni Espressi Europei)

  • Lithuanian: Tarptautinė miegamųjų vagonų bendrovė

  • Dutch: Internationale Maatschappij voor Slaapwagens en Europa's Groote Sneltreinen

  • Polish: Międzynarodowe Towarzystwo Wagonów Sypialnych (i Expresów Europejskich)

  • Portuguese: Companhia Internacional das Carruagens-Camas (e dos Grandes Expressos Europeus)

  • Romanian: Compania internaţională a vagoanelor de dormit (şi a marilor exprese europene)

  • Russian: Международное Общество Спальныхъ Вагоновъ (и Скорыхъ Европейскихъ поъздовъ)

  • Serbian: Međunarodno Društvo Kola za Spavanje / Међународно Друштво Кола за Спавање

  • Spanish: Compañía Internacional de Coches-Camas (y de los Grandes Expresos Europeos)

  • Turkish: Avrupa Hızlı Trenleri ve Uluslararası Yataklı Vagonlar Şirketi

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